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Elnaz Saeidi; Reza Ranjbar; Soheil Zangoei-Fard; Paul C Guest; Amirhossein Sahebkar
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a new human-infecting coronavirus, which is the causative agent of COVID-19 disease. The World Health Organization announced this disease as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 is ~30kb in length which encodes sixteen nonstructural and four main structural proteins. The ...
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SARS-CoV-2 is a new human-infecting coronavirus, which is the causative agent of COVID-19 disease. The World Health Organization announced this disease as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 is ~30kb in length which encodes sixteen nonstructural and four main structural proteins. The structural spike protein enables SARS-CoV-2 to bind to host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which leads to viral infection. COVID-19 is considered as a respiratory disease that affects just the lungs in most cases. There are no specific therapeutics or effective vaccines available to control COVID-19, which makes it a continuing threat to global public health. Consequently, the principal approach to prevent this disease is supportive care. Due to their potential to increase drug bioavailability, a number of approaches in pharmaceutical nanotechnology are currently being tested against SARS-CoV-2. This includes nano-based products designed for detection, prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Such approaches may help to control this current pandemic and pave the way for prevention and treatment of future coronavirus outbreaks.
Marzieh Mohammadi; Zahra Khoddamipour; Nafiseh Bagheri
Abstract
Recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 virus and its high incidence has made national and international health authorities focus on evaluation and development of medicines to fight against severe cases of the Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is a pneumonia like infectious disease which was first reported ...
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Recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 virus and its high incidence has made national and international health authorities focus on evaluation and development of medicines to fight against severe cases of the Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is a pneumonia like infectious disease which was first reported in in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December, 2019. Due to the public health emergency, there are many clinical trials assessing the efficiency of anti-inflammatory agents (e.g. chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin and NSAIDS) antiviral agents (e.g. oseltamivir, Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, Umifenovir ) and immunomodulatory medicines such as interferons. Herein, we are going to introduce currently used medicines, their mechanisms of action and the associated adverse effects. Thereafter, possible nanopharmaceuticals with disinfectant or medicinal properties are discussed. Given the current available literature, among different medicines, Remdesivir which is an antiviral agent with RNA polymerase inhibitor mechanism of action showed acceptable results and there are controversies in the efficacy of other medications.
Hosna Zare; Ehsan Aryan; Zahra Meshkat; Fatemeh Gheybi; Alireza Neshani; Kiarash Ghazvini; Majid Rezayi
Abstract
The world is currently challenging with the COVID-19 pandemic due to the SARS-CoV-2, a new member of coronaviruses which emerged in late December 2019. The rapid transmission of the disease made it a global concern that has attracted worldwide attention. As there have been no promising treatments or ...
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The world is currently challenging with the COVID-19 pandemic due to the SARS-CoV-2, a new member of coronaviruses which emerged in late December 2019. The rapid transmission of the disease made it a global concern that has attracted worldwide attention. As there have been no promising treatments or specific vaccines yet, the most important key to control the pandemic is an early diagnosis. Accordingly, performing diagnostic tests accelerates case detection and prevents further transmissions. Current available tests such as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction have some limitations. Therefore, new strategies should be developed for accurate and rapid detection of COVID-19, a life-threatening disease. Biosensing is one of the novel approaches for the SARS-CoV-2 detection, having the potential for rapid and early diagnosis to control this pandemic. RNA, antigens, and antibodies are the main targets in COVID-19 biosensors. Although there have been limited reported studies of COVID-19 biosensing strategies, this review summarized the recent progress in this field.
