Tehran University of Medical Sciences Nanomedicine Research Journal 2476-3489 10 2 2025 06 01 Nanotechnology for Modulating the Periodontal Microenvironment in Surgical Treatment 132 138 730578 10.22034/nmrj.2025.02.003 EN Fatemeh Fazel Tehran University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Dentistry Tehran, Iran Meisam Dehnavi Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran Sara Talari Faculty of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Meysam Mohammadikhah Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Alborz, Iran Mostafa Farhadi Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Faculty of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Azita Sadeghzade Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Parinaz Karimi Miyanji Zanjan University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Dentistry Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 07 28 Periodontal disease is a complex inflammatory condition that results in the progressive destruction of periodontal tissues and challenges conventional surgical treatments aimed at tissue regeneration. Recent advances in nanotechnology offer novel strategies to modulate the periodontal microenvironment, enhancing therapeutic precision and efficacy. This review highlights the multifaceted roles of nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanoscaffolds, and multifunctional nanocomposites in periodontal therapy. These nanotechnologies facilitate targeted drug delivery, disrupt resilient bacterial biofilms, modulate immune and inflammatory responses, and promote tissue regeneration through biomimetic scaffolding. Additionally, smart nanomaterials with responsive properties enable controlled, site-specific therapeutic actions, minimizing side effects and improving patient outcomes. Despite the promising potential of nanotechnology-enhanced periodontal treatments, challenges such as nanoparticle toxicity, clinical translation, and manufacturing standardization remain. Continued research and rigorous evaluation are essential to establish the safety and efficacy of these innovative approaches. The integration of nanotechnology into periodontal surgical therapy represents a transformative frontier with the potential to significantly improve regenerative outcomes and patient quality of life. https://www.nanomedicine-rj.com/article_730578_c1e87b78fa6e56c969e33f30787a4f7e.pdf