https://www.nanomedicine-rj.com/ Nanomedicine Research Journal en daily 1 Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.nanomedicine-rj.com/article_733635.html The development of antimicrobial resistance, often known as AMR, poses a huge threat to the health of people all over the world around the globe. It is possible that the current death rate may exceed 10 million per year by the year 2050. It is necessary to find new solutions since antibiotic resistance is increasing as a result of a number of causes, including biofilms, efflux mechanisms, and bacteria that are resistant to several drugs. Nanomaterials, and silver nanoparticles in particular, have emerged as powerful antibacterial agents with a variety of modes of action. These mechanisms include membrane permeabilization, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), directed cell targeting, and disintegration of biofilms. Some of the kinds of nanomaterials that are investigated in detail here include metal oxides, carbon-based structures, polymers, and hybrids. Additionally, the physicochemical properties that influence the antibacterial activity of these nanomaterials are also thoroughly investigated.Among other applications, it examines their potential for coordinated antibiotic delivery and their reactivity to external stimuli in the medical, dental, and orthopaedic domains. Toxicology, scalability, regulatory gaps, resistance risks, and safe clinical use of the medicine are all thoroughly examined, along with other translational issues. To make nanotechnology fulfill its potential in combating the AMR epidemic while simultaneously considering biosafety and environmental concerns, this paper compiles previous accomplishments to provide design principles and research goals. https://www.nanomedicine-rj.com/article_733670.html The advancement of precise diagnostic tools is crucial for the prompt identification of bacterial pathogens and combating the increasing issue of antimicrobial resistance. Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) has emerged as an effective and promising point-of-care testing (POCT) approach, playing a distinctive role in biomedical sciences, food safety, agriculture and infectious disease diagnostics due to its ease of use, high speed, portability and cost-effectiveness. Utilizing on a paper-based platform and functionalized nanoparticle probes, this technique is capable of identifying a broad spectrum of analytes, such, as whole bacterial cells, nucleic acids, proteins and pathogen-specific biomarkers. Lately, the application of new types of optical nanoparticles, such as quantum dots (QDs) and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) has dramatically improved the sensitivity, specificity and signal resolution of LFIA-based diagnostic strips. This review article outlines the fundamental principles and key components of LFIAs, highlights recent progress in the design and types of nanoparticles, and performance optimization of these systems for the rapid and specific detection of pathogenic bacteria. Finally, it discusses current challenges and future prospects of this technology in the field of clinical diagnostics and point-of-care analysis. https://www.nanomedicine-rj.com/article_733671.html Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative force in dental medicine, significantly enhancing the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of materials used in orthodontic implants and periodontal surgery. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in nanotechnology applications that improve implant stability, corrosion resistance, antimicrobial activity, and tissue integration. Key innovations include nanostructured materials to increase mechanical strength, nanocoatings to reduce friction and bacterial colonization, and nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery in periodontal therapy. The integration of nanoscale surface modifications promotes superior osseointegration and wound healing, contributing to improved clinical outcomes and patient safety. Despite notable progress, challenges related to long-term biocompatibility, regulatory frameworks, and cost-effectiveness remain and require ongoing research for safe clinical translation. This review highlights current trends, clinical benefits, and future perspectives, underscoring the pivotal role of nanotechnology in advancing orthodontic and periodontal treatments. https://www.nanomedicine-rj.com/article_733672.html This review comprehensively explores the transformative role of nanotechnology in advancing dental implant integration and root regeneration. It highlights how nanoscale modifications of implant surfaces and incorporation of nanomaterials enhance osseointegration by promoting osteoblast adhesion and mimicking natural bone processes. The review discusses surface engineering techniques, antimicrobial nanoparticle coatings, and their clinical implications in infection control and implant longevity. Furthermore, it examines nanotechnology-driven approaches to root regeneration, including biomimetic scaffolds, stem cell delivery, and controlled growth factor release, which collectively stimulate effective tissue repair and regeneration. Advanced therapeutic strategies such as gene therapy using nanocarriers and smart nanomaterials offer promising directions for precision and multifunctionality in dental treatments. The review also addresses critical challenges related to safety, biocompatibility, regulation, and cost-effectiveness that must be overcome for clinical translation. Ultimately, it provides a forward-looking perspective on integrating nanotechnology with emerging biomedical technologies to revolutionize dental care, improve clinical outcomes, and promote sustainable practices. https://www.nanomedicine-rj.com/article_733674.html The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and nanotechnology in dentistry marks a transformative advancement across implant dentistry, periodontology, orthodontics, and oral surgery. AI technologies, including machine learning and deep learning, enhance diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and predictive modeling, enabling personalized and efficient patient care. Concurrently, nanotechnology improves dental biomaterials and implant surface properties, promoting osseointegration, antimicrobial effects, and tissue regeneration. This review comprehensively explores recent innovations and clinical applications of AI and nanotechnology, addressing their synergistic roles in improving outcomes, reducing complications, and advancing therapeutic approaches. Despite promising benefits, challenges related to ethical considerations, data privacy, cost, accessibility, and regulatory compliance remain. Future research directions emphasize the need for robust validation, cost-effectiveness, and interdisciplinary collaboration to optimize the safe and equitable adoption of these technologies. The ongoing convergence of AI and nanotechnology holds great potential to revolutionize dental care, balancing technological innovation with clinical expertise for improved patient outcomes. https://www.nanomedicine-rj.com/article_733703.html Probiotics have been extensively studied for their ability to restore microbial balance, strengthen the intestinal barrier, and regulate immune responses in humans. Among their bioactive components, probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) have emerged as key mediators of host–microbe interactions. PEVs are lipid-bilayer-enclosed postbiotic secreted by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive probiotic species, carrying diverse molecular cargo including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites. These vesicles enable targeted communication between probiotics and host cells, allowing them to exert biological effects independent of the viability of the parent bacteria. However, the biological activity and therapeutic potential of PEVs are influenced by multiple factors, such as the bacterial species of origin, culture conditions, and the methods used for their isolation and purification. Growing evidence indicates that PEVs play pivotal roles in modulating inflammation, enhancing gut barrier integrity, regulating metabolic pathways, and shaping host immune responses. This review summarizes an overview of current knowledge regarding the characteristics, functional mechanisms, and biomedical applications of PEVs, with a particular emphasis on their emerging role in the management of autoimmune-mediated disorders. https://www.nanomedicine-rj.com/article_733704.html Cinnamaldehyde (CINAM), a natural compound with established anticancer properties, has limited clinical application due to its poor solubility and low bioavailability. Exosomes, which are cell-derived nanocarriers, offer a biocompatible platform for enhancing drug delivery and intracellular targeting. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic and molecular effects of CINAM-loaded mesenchymal stem cell–derived exosomes (EXO-CINAM) on colorectal cancer (Caco-2) cells. Exosomes were isolated and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and CINAM loading was confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cytotoxicity was assessed by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, apoptosis and cell cycle progression was analyzed by flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation assays, and ultrastructural changes were visualized by TEM. Western blotting and ELISA were employed to measure apoptotic protein expression, while qRT-PCR was used to examine gene expression related to apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. EXO-CINAM exhibited significantly greater cytotoxicity than free CINAM (IC₅₀: 23.87 µg/mL vs. 35.24 µg/mL, p < 0.01), with increased apoptosis (56.3% vs. 43.7%), G₀/G₁ apoptotic morphology confirmed by TEM, and DNA laddering indicating nuclear fragmentation. Protein analysis revealed elevated levels of cleaved caspase-3, -8, and -9, along with increased p53 and BAX levels and decreased BCL-2 levels. Gene expression analysis showed downregulation of NF-κB, MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGFR2, and upregulation of CD95 and CD95L. IL-10 levels were also reduced, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of the treatment. Collectively, these findings indicate that exosomal delivery of CINAM enhances its anticancer activity by promoting apoptosis and suppressing inflammatory and angiogenic signaling, establishing EXO-CINAM as a promising nanotherapeutic platform for cancer treatment. https://www.nanomedicine-rj.com/article_733706.html This research explored the capability of the boron nitride nanocluster (B12N12) to act as an efficient adsorbent and sensor for detecting and removing the antidepressant drug sertraline (ST) using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The study examined the interaction between ST and B12N12 in different orientations, finding that the nanocluster has a stronger attraction to the chlorine atoms in ST. The negative values of adsorption energy, Gibbs free energy changes, and enthalpy changes indicate that the interaction is experimentally achievable, spontaneous, and exothermic. Additional analysis evaluated temperature effects and the role of water as a solvent, revealing that adsorption is more effective at lower temperatures and remains feasible in aqueous environments. Furthermore, the bandgap of B12N12, initially 6.664 eV, was significantly reduced to 4.963 eV after ST adsorption, representing a 25.530% decrease and a marked improvement in electrical conductivity. These results highlight B12N12 as a promising material for applications in sertraline detection and removal, serving as both an adsorbent and a sensor. https://www.nanomedicine-rj.com/article_733709.html Antibiotic-resistant skin infections caused by pathogens necessitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat these infections. Natural agents such as Mentha piperita essential oil (EO) and its primary component, menthol, present promising alternatives. In this study, chitosan nanoparticles loaded with EO or menthol were synthesized via ultrasound-assisted ionic gelation and incorporated into hydrogels using HPMC as the gelling agent. Formulations were characterized by DLS, ATR-FTIR, and rheometry. Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the AATCC 100 method. Molecular docking predicted menthol's binding affinity to key bacterial proteins. GC-MS confirmed menthol (31%) as the major EO component. Nanoparticles were 179-195 nm with a positive zeta potential. ATR-FTIR verified encapsulation, and rheology confirmed shear-thinning behavior. Nanoparticle-based hydrogels demonstrated significantly enhanced antibacterial activity, achieving near-total bacterial suppression. Docking results indicated strong binding of menthol to key bacterial targets, supporting its antimicrobial mechanism. Chitosan nanoparticle-based hydrogels encapsulating M. piperita EO and menthol are a highly effective, rheologically favorable platform for combating resistant bacterial skin infections. https://www.nanomedicine-rj.com/article_733710.html In recent times, there has been a lot of attention given to iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) because of the exceptional physicochemical characteristics, biocompatibility and multi-functional therapeutic properties of this product. In this paper, IONPs have been prepared in aqueous medium through the pulsed laser ablation of an iron target with 300, 400 and 500 mJ power and discussed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). XRD analysis ensured that the product was highly pure iron oxide with a cubic spinel structure, whereas FESEM showed irregular and agglomerated nanoparticles with a size ranging between 46.71 and 142.6nm and a predominantly spheric to slightly polyhedric morphology, which are indicative of a polydisperse system. Through a crystal violet cytotoxicity assay, the anticancer property of IONPs was compared to the HepG2 cancer cells and RD normal cells. IONPs prepared at 500 mJ had the best growth inhibition in both cell lines and this was due to the higher concentration of nanoparticle, small size and high surface area. Interestingly, it was observed that the cytotoxicity profile caused the selective induction of the apoptosis of cancer cells with relatively reduced impact on the normal cells, thus showing some selectivity. After 5 minutes of radiation of 532 nm laser diode, IONPs produced localized photothermal heating and reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in the oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis in tumor cells. Photodynamic effect coupled with photothermal effect, combined with intrinsic magnetic responsiveness of IONPs, offers a flexible system of spatially controlled and minimally invasive cancer therapy. These results indicate that laser ablation is a clean, controllable route to fabricate magnetic IONPs that would have potential applications in multimodal anticancer therapies. https://www.nanomedicine-rj.com/article_734022.html Pediatric dental anxiety significantly compromises treatment cooperation and oral health outcomes, necessitating effective behavior management strategies in clinical practice. Nitrous oxide–oxygen inhalation sedation remains one of the most widely used pharmacological approaches in pediatric dentistry due to its rapid onset, titratability, anxiolytic and analgesic properties, and favorable safety profile. This review synthesizes current evidence regarding the scientific basis, clinical indications, contraindications, effectiveness, and safety considerations of nitrous oxide sedation in children. Available data support its role in improving patient cooperation, facilitating minimally to moderately invasive procedures, and reducing the need for general anesthesia in appropriately selected cases. Although adverse effects are generally mild and transient, appropriate patient selection, adherence to monitoring protocols, and compliance with established guidelines are essential to ensure safe practice. The review also discusses occupational and environmental considerations, current clinical limitations, and variability in patient response. Emerging adjunctive technologies, including virtual reality–based distraction, artificial intelligence–assisted monitoring, and advanced delivery systems, are highlighted as complementary strategies to enhance patient experience and procedural efficiency. Furthermore, the potential application of nanomedicine-based drug delivery systems is explored as a future direction for improving sedation precision and minimizing systemic exposure, although regulatory and long-term safety challenges remain. Integrating established sedation protocols with technological and nanomedical innovations may contribute to more individualized, effective, and safer management of pediatric dental anxiety. https://www.nanomedicine-rj.com/article_734215.html IIntroduction: Biosynthesized nanoparticles have attracted significant attention in biomedical research due to their biocompatibility, natural origin, and potent antibacterial properties. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), in particular, are valued for their cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and strong antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to establish a sustainable and scalable extracellular green synthesis platform for AgNPs using Bacillus strains isolated from spring water. Methods: Eighteen Bacillus isolates were screened for their ability to reduce silver ions. The most efficient strain-mediated synthesis was optimized under 3 mM AgNO₃, pH 10, 37 °C, for 72 h. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analyses to assess morphology, size, crystallinity, surface charge, and biomolecular capping. Results: UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed a distinct surface plasmon resonance peak at 430 nm. SEM and DLS analyses confirmed well-dispersed, nearly spherical nanoparticles with diameters of 30–50 nm and high colloidal stability (zeta potential −34/9 mV). XRD patterns indicated a crystalline face-centered cubic structure, while FTIR spectra suggested biomolecular capping via amide and hydroxyl functional groups. The AgNPs demonstrated 98 % antibacterial inhibition at 10 mg/mL and MIC values of 0.5–1 mg/mL against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, comparable to gentamicin. Conclusion: This study presents a rapid, reproducible, and eco-friendly extracellular biosynthesis of AgNPs using a novel Bacillus strain, highlighting its potential as a sustainable nanoplatform for combating multidrug-resistant pathogens in biomedical applications. Keywords: Silver nanoparticles; Bacillus; green synthesis; antibacterial activity; antibiotic resistance; nanobiotechnology