Document Type : Review Paper
Authors
1
department of internal medicine,alborz university of medical sciences,karaj,iran
2
Department of internal medicine,Babol university of medical sciences,Babol,iran
3
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
4
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
5
department of internal medicine Mashhad univercity of medical science Mashhad , iran
10.22034/nmrj.2026.2107671.1890
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are often associated with late diagnosis, tumor heterogeneity, and limited opportunities for repeated tissue biopsy. Liquid biopsy provides a minimally invasive approach for detecting and monitoring tumor-derived biomarkers, including circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles, and circulating RNAs. However, low biomarker abundance, biological variability, and complex molecular datasets limit the clinical performance of conventional liquid-biopsy methods.
Nanobiosensors offer sensitive and potentially portable platforms for detecting cancer biomarkers through electrochemical, optical, plasmonic, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and microfluidic technologies. When integrated with artificial intelligence (AI), these platforms can improve signal processing, biomarker classification, multi-omics data integration, and clinical interpretation. AI-enabled nanobiosensors may support early detection, molecular stratification, treatment-response monitoring, minimal residual disease assessment, recurrence surveillance, and prediction of therapeutic resistance across major GI cancers.
Despite their potential, clinical translation requires improved standardization, robust validation in diverse patient populations, transparent AI models, secure data-governance frameworks, regulatory approval, and cost-effective implementation. Overall, AI-enabled nanobiosensors represent a promising approach for advancing liquid-biopsy-based precision oncology and personalized cancer care in GI malignancies.
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